tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-25120487790660192092024-03-14T09:25:26.852-07:00Higher Impact Factor JournalsAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650650110961560757noreply@blogger.comBlogger47125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2512048779066019209.post-52295318849935287362015-04-07T07:09:00.002-07:002015-04-07T07:09:42.032-07:00Drug Interactions between Nine Antifungal Agents and Drugs Metabolized by Human Cytochromes P450<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.nature.com/nrc/journal/v13/n10/images/nrc3599-f1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.nature.com/nrc/journal/v13/n10/images/nrc3599-f1.jpg" height="168" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">This article reviews in vitro metabolic and in vivo pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions of nine antifungal agents: six azoles (fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole) and three echinocandins (anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin). In in vitro interaction studies, itraconazole, ketoconazole, and miconazole were found to have higher inhibitory effects on cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) 3A4 and 3A5 activities than the other azoles or echinocandins did. Fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole were relatively less potent inhibitors of CYP3A5 than of CYP3A4. The inhibitory effects of fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, and voriconazole against CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 seemed to be correlated with their dissociation constants for CYP51 (lanosterol 14α-demethylase) from Candida albicans.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"> In in vivo pharmacokinetic studies, itraconazole was found to be a potent clinically important inhibitor of CYP3A4/5 substrates, and fluconazole and voriconazole increased the blood/plasma concentrations of not only CYP3A4/5 substrates but also CYP2C9 substrates. Miconazole was a potent inhibitor of all P450s investigated in vitro, although there are few detailed studies on the clinical significance of this except for CYP2C9. For the echinocandins, no marked inhibition of P450 activities, except for some inhibition of CYP3A4/5 activity, was observed in vitro. The blood/plasma concentrations of concomitant <b><a href="http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=cdm">drug metabolism reviews</a></b> were not markedly affected by coadministration of echinocandins in vivo, suggesting that echinocandins do not cause clinically significant interactions with drugs that are metabolized by P450s via the inhibition of metabolism. The differential effects of these antifungal agents on P450 activities must be considered when clinicians select antifungal agents for patients also receiving other drugs.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">For a complete list, click on </span><span style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-color: #fafafa; color: windowtext; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; color: #009eb8; display: inline; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.benthamscience.com/journal/journals-impacting-science.php" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; color: #009eb8; display: inline; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentham Science Publishers’ Journals Impacting Science</a></b></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650650110961560757noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2512048779066019209.post-83911739642060980712015-03-31T03:28:00.003-07:002015-03-31T03:30:02.604-07:00Epigenetic Regulation of Genes Encoding Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters; DNA Methylation and Other Mechanisms<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://115.167.77.38/Rqae5eb53b-c103-49e4-a363-9cb05f81161d/IDA191A1EDF4E67F3F/RV200000/AVSkyController_3.1.2.49749/Br200/CL3-ea/EI226792420/Ht240/IP139.190.173.94%3a36152/IQ25/MO15/MT0/NIkhi-opt-01.wi-tribe.net.pk/OC0/OS0/Otpng/PB200/PNHighCongestion_3G4GWiFi_Desktop/SI3133392e3139302e3137332e39343a33363135322d3135362e34302e37352e3136303a3830/SUhttp%3a%2f%2fpubs.niaaa.nih.gov%2fpublications%2farcr351%2fimages%2fzakhari05.png/Sd6B617261636869/TI226792420/Tr1/Wh400/EU81nWzoyafKfRDB722qj1SGgg8j22G6c4oXhbiTQ1whwPshyFWn9BOfL09dVH2XDj2Xthy0SWYpao8cY-Cre4ut8atio7wYTNhsMnJpG52j8Yqa2Sb1OvdXET5NdyZyCk0Z2x-uBNBFGngykT7ombW5qbnp-en6Kjqquur66vsrM%3d/EV91cce13f325a1016a34e6cd667361a29/file.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://115.167.77.38/Rqae5eb53b-c103-49e4-a363-9cb05f81161d/IDA191A1EDF4E67F3F/RV200000/AVSkyController_3.1.2.49749/Br200/CL3-ea/EI226792420/Ht240/IP139.190.173.94%3a36152/IQ25/MO15/MT0/NIkhi-opt-01.wi-tribe.net.pk/OC0/OS0/Otpng/PB200/PNHighCongestion_3G4GWiFi_Desktop/SI3133392e3139302e3137332e39343a33363135322d3135362e34302e37352e3136303a3830/SUhttp%3a%2f%2fpubs.niaaa.nih.gov%2fpublications%2farcr351%2fimages%2fzakhari05.png/Sd6B617261636869/TI226792420/Tr1/Wh400/EU81nWzoyafKfRDB722qj1SGgg8j22G6c4oXhbiTQ1whwPshyFWn9BOfL09dVH2XDj2Xthy0SWYpao8cY-Cre4ut8atio7wYTNhsMnJpG52j8Yqa2Sb1OvdXET5NdyZyCk0Z2x-uBNBFGngykT7ombW5qbnp-en6Kjqquur66vsrM%3d/EV91cce13f325a1016a34e6cd667361a29/file.png" height="299" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">Drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters are increasingly recognized as key determinants of the inter-individual variability in pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) outcomes of clinically important drugs. To date, most studies investigating this variability have focused on polymorphisms (e.g. SNPs) in the genes encoding metabolic enzymes and transporters; however, it has recently been reported that the expression of some of these genes is under the control of epigenetic mechanisms. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">The most common epigenetic mechanism of mammalian genome regulation is DNA methylation, which does not change the genetic code but affects gene expression. Owing to its maintenance of the genomic sequence, DNA methylation is expected to offer an explanation for the controversial phenotypes of certain genetic polymorphisms. It has been recognized that DNA methylation plays a role in the transcriptional regulation of some PK/PD genes. In this review, we describe the impact of various epigenetic mechanisms, especially DNA methylation, on the expression (or activity) of <b><a href="http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=cdm">drug metabolism enzymes </a></b>and transporter genes.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a well established but complex treatment option for malignant and non-malignant disorders in pediatric patients.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"> </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">For a complete list, click on </span><span style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-color: #fafafa; color: windowtext; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; color: #009eb8; display: inline; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.benthamscience.com/journal/journals-impacting-science.php" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; color: #009eb8; display: inline; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentham Science Publishers’ Journals Impacting Science</a></b></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650650110961560757noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2512048779066019209.post-49016783931955520972015-03-26T07:35:00.000-07:002015-03-26T07:35:16.219-07:00Targeting Polyamine Metabolism for Finding New Drugs Against Leishmaniasis: A Review<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://watcut.uwaterloo.ca/webnotes/Pharmacology/graphics/metabolismsketchpic-971cc.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://watcut.uwaterloo.ca/webnotes/Pharmacology/graphics/metabolismsketchpic-971cc.png" height="188" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease affecting more than 12 million people worldwide. The most used drugs are pentavalent antimonials that are very toxic and display the problem of drug resistance, especially in endemic regions such as Bihar in India. For this reason, it is urgent to find new and less toxic drugs against leishmaniasis. To this end, the understanding of pathways affecting parasite survival is of prime importance for targeted drug discovery. The parasite survival inside the macrophage is strongly dependent on polyamine metabolism. Polyamines are, in fact, very important for cell growth and proliferation. In particular, spermidine (Spd), the final product of the polyamine biosynthesis pathway, serves as a precursor for trypanothione (N1,N8- bis(glutathionyl)spermidine, T(SH)</span><sub style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">2</sub><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">) and hypusine (N</span><sup style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">ε</sup><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)lysine). T(SH)</span><sub style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">2</sub><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"> is a key molecule for parasite defense against the hydrogen peroxide produced by macrophages during the infection. Hypusination is a posttranslational modification occurring exclusively in the eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), which has an important role in avoiding the ribosome stalling during the biosynthesis of protein containing polyprolines sequences. The enzymes, belonging to the spermidine<b><a href="http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=cdm"> metabolism of drugs</a></b>, i.e. arginase (ARG), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC), spermidine synthase (SpdS), trypanothione synthetase (TryS or TSA), trypanothione reductase (TryR or TR), tryparedoxin peroxidase (TXNPx), deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH) are promising targets for the development of new drugs against leishmaniasis. This minireview furnishes a picture of the structural, functional and inhibition studies on polyamine metabolism enzymes that could guide the discovery of new drugs against leishmaniasis.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">For a complete list, click on </span><span style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-color: #fafafa; color: windowtext; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; color: #009eb8; display: inline; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.benthamscience.com/journal/journals-impacting-science.php" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; color: #009eb8; display: inline; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentham Science Publishers’ Journals Impacting Science</a></b></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650650110961560757noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2512048779066019209.post-72398173029734660072015-03-23T02:23:00.002-07:002015-03-23T02:23:27.368-07:00Genetics of Schizophrenia and other Psychotic Disorders<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://sensiseeds.com/en/blog/files/2012/08/schizophrenia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://sensiseeds.com/en/blog/files/2012/08/schizophrenia.jpg" height="320" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">Research into the genetic basis of schizophrenia is advancing rapidly. This review gives a broad overview of results from successive phases of studies in this field, linking these with recent findings and likely future research directions. Among recent findings, large-scale epidemiological studies based on Scandinavian population registers, have provided further evidence of substantial heritability and evidence that a wide range of psychotic and non-psychotic disorders partly share genetic risk factors with schizophrenia. In molecular genetics, large collaborative genomewide association studies (GWAS) are providing evidence of common risk variants, each of small effect, and many more variants are likely to be found as samples sizes increase further. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">A range of rarer <b><a href="http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=cgt">Chromosomal disorders</a></b> copy number variants (CNVs) have been associated with schizophrenia, and both GWAS and CNV studies have provided molecular evidence of genetic overlap between schizophrenia and other disorders. There is increasing interest in phenotypes beyond diagnosis, including further clinical variables and endophenotypes. Next-generation sequencing studies are beginning, with the potential for fast, inexpensive sequencing of the whole genome in large samples, and there is an increasing focus on the functional effects of the candidate risk variants that are being identified.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">For a complete list, click on </span><span style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-color: #fafafa; color: windowtext; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; color: #009eb8; display: inline; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.benthamscience.com/journal/journals-impacting-science.php" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; color: #009eb8; display: inline; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentham Science Publishers’ Journals Impacting Science</a></b></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650650110961560757noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2512048779066019209.post-4415648984441314802015-03-21T08:04:00.004-07:002015-03-21T08:04:54.132-07:00Xenobiotic Metabolism in Human Skin and 3D Human Skin Reconstructs: A Review<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://wikieducator.org/images/5/5d/Pharmacokinetis.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://wikieducator.org/images/5/5d/Pharmacokinetis.png" height="146" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">In this review, we discuss and compare studies of xenobiotic metabolism in both human skin and 3D human skin reconstructs. In comparison to the liver, the skin is a less studied organ in terms of characterising metabolic capability. While the skin forms the major protective barrier to environmental chemical exposure, it is also a potential target organ for adverse health effects. Occupational, accidental or intended-use exposure to toxic chemicals could result in acute or delayed injury to the skin (e.g. inflammation, allergy, cancer). Skin metabolism may play a role in the manifestation or amelioration of adverse effects via the topical route. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">Today, we have robust testing strategies to assess the potential for local skin toxicity of chemical exposure. Such methods (e.g. the local lymph node assay for assessing skin sensitisation; skin painting carcinogenicity studies) incorporate skin <b><a href="http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=cdm">metabolism of drugs</a></b> implicitly in the in vivo model system used. In light of recent European legislation (i.e. 7th Amendment to the Cosmetics Directive and Registration Evaluation and Authorisation of existing Chemicals (REACH)), non-animal approaches will be required to reduce and replace animal experiments for chemical risk assessment. It is expected that new models and approaches will need to account for skin metabolism explicitly, as the mechanisms of adverse effects in the skin are deconvoluted. 3D skin models have been proposed as a tool to use in new in vitro alternative approaches. In order to be able to use 3D skin models in this context, we need to understand their metabolic competency in relation to xenobiotic biotransformation and whether functional activity is representative of that seen in human skin.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">For a complete list, click on </span><span style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-color: #fafafa; color: windowtext; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; color: #009eb8; display: inline; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.benthamscience.com/journal/journals-impacting-science.php" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; color: #009eb8; display: inline; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentham Science Publishers’ Journals Impacting Science</a></b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650650110961560757noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2512048779066019209.post-75982589995525384722015-03-19T07:22:00.001-07:002015-03-19T07:22:12.278-07:00Inhibitors of the HSP90 Molecular Chaperone: Attacking the Master Regulator in Cancer<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.kalexsyn.com/images/hepc_protease.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.kalexsyn.com/images/hepc_protease.png" height="200" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">The heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) chaperones represent some 1-2% of all cellular protein and are key players in protein quality control in cells. They are over expressed in many human cancers and the fact that many oncogenic proteins are clients has prompted much recent research on HSP90 inhibitors as new cancer therapeutics. A brief introduction is followed by a detailed review of the various classes of inhibitors, both natural product-based and synthetic, that have emerged over the last decade. The natural products geldanamycin, radicicol and novobiocin have provided the start points for new drugs in this area and their medicinal chemistry is reviewed, including the exciting recent results emerging from clinical trials using geldanamycin analogues. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">The detailed understanding of the binding mode of these compounds to HSP90 has been significantly enhanced by X-ray crystallography of HSP90 constructs co-crystallised with various ligands. Efforts to replace the natural product inhibitors with more drug-like synthetic compounds have mushroomed over the last 4 years. The purines and the 3,4-diarylpyrazoles have proven to be the most successful and their <b><a href="http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=cmc">Medicinal Chemistry</a></b> is reviewed with particular emphasis on structure-based design. Protein/ligand co-crystal structures have shown that conserved water molecules in the active site are a vital part of the hydrogen-bonding network established on binding both natural product and synthetic inhibitors. Medicinal chemists have used this information to develop high affinity lead compounds. Recent research provides the platform for exciting developments in the area of HSP90 inhibition over the next few years.</span><br />
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<a href="http://www.thepregnancyzone.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/chromosomal-abnormalities.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.thepregnancyzone.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/chromosomal-abnormalities.jpg" height="237" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">With the aid of novel and powerful molecular biology techniques, recent years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of studies reporting the involvement of complex structural variants in several genomic disorders. In fact, with the discovery of Copy Number Variants (CNVs) and other forms of unbalanced structural variation, much attention has been directed to the detection and characterization of such rearrangements, as well as the identification of the mechanisms involved in their formation. However, it has long been appreciated that chromosomes can undergo other forms of structural changes - balanced rearrangements - that do not involve quantitative variation of genetic material.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"> Indeed, a particular subtype of balanced rearrangement – inversions – was recently found to be far more common than had been predicted from traditional cytogenetics. <b><a href="http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=cgt">Chromosomal disorders</a></b> inversions alter the orientation of a specific genomic sequence and, unless involving breaks in coding or regulatory regions (and, disregarding complex trans effects, in their close vicinity), appear to be phenotypically silent. Such a surprising finding, which is difficult to reconcile with the classical interpretation of inversions as a mechanism causing subfertility (and ultimately reproductive isolation), motivated a new series of theoretical and empirical studies dedicated to understand their role in human genome evolution and to explore their possible association to complex genetic disorders. With this review, we attempt to describe the latest methodological improvements to inversions detection at a genome wide level, while exploring some of the possible implications of inversion rearrangements on the evolution of the human genome.</span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650650110961560757noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2512048779066019209.post-65720462837521028492015-03-17T07:47:00.002-07:002015-03-17T07:47:44.536-07:00Heterocyclic Scaffolds: Centrality in Anticancer Drug Development<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">Cancer has been cursed for human beings for a long time. Millions of people lost their lives due to cancer. Despite of the several anticancer drugs available, cancer cannot be cured; especially at late stages without exhibiting any side effects. Heterocyclic compounds have exhibited exciting medicinal applications including anticancer. Some market selling heterocyclic anticancer drugs include 5-flourouracil, methortrexate, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, etc. Besides, some natural products including vinblastine and vincristine having basic frame work of heterocyclic moeities are used as anticancer drugs. Overall, heterocyclic moeities have always been core parts in the expansion of anticancer drugs. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">This article describes the importance of heterocyclic nucleus in the development of <b><a href="http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=ccdt">anticancer drugs</a></b>. Besides, the attempts have been made to discuss both naturally occurring and synthetic heterocyclic compounds as anticancer agents. In addition, some market selling anticancer heterocyclic compounds have been highlighted. Moreover, the attempts have been made to discuss mechanism of action and recent advances in heterocyclic compounds as anticancer agents. The current challenges and future perspectives of heterocyclic compounds have been discussed. Finally, the suggestions for synthesizing effective, selective, fast and human friendly anticancer agents are discussed in different sections at appropriate places.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">For a complete list, click on </span><span style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-color: #fafafa; color: windowtext; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.benthamscience.com/journal/journals-impacting-science.php" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; color: #009eb8; display: inline; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentham Science Publishers’ Journals Impacting Science</b></a></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650650110961560757noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2512048779066019209.post-59585714402659146222015-03-16T07:31:00.001-07:002015-03-16T07:32:29.821-07:00Drug Metabolism in Chronic Renal Failure<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">Pharmacokinetic studies conducted in patients with CRF demonstrate that the nonrenal clearance of multiple drugs is reduced. Although the mechanism by which this occurs is unclear, several studies have shown that CRF affects the metabolism of drugs by inhibiting key enzymatic systems in the liver, intestine and kidney. The down-regulation of selected isoforms of the hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP450) has been reported secondary to a decrease in gene expression. This is associated with major reductions in metabolism of drugs mediated by CYP450. The main hypothesis to explain the decrease in liver CYP450 activity in CRF appears to be the accumulation of circulating factors which can modulate CYP450 activity.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"> Liver phase II metabolic reactions are also reduced in CRF. On the other hand, intestinal drug disposition is affected in CRF. Increased bioavailability of several drugs has been reported in CRF, reflecting decrease in either intestinal first-pass <b><a href="http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=cdm">metabolism of drugs</a></b> (mediated by P-glycoprotein). Indeed, intestinal CYP450 is also down-regulated secondary to reduced gene expression, whereas, decreased intestinal P-glycoprotein activity has been described. Finally, although the kidneys play a major role in the excretion of drugs, it has the capacity to metabolize endogenous and exogenous compounds. CRF will lead to a decrease in the ability of the kidney to metabolize drugs, but the repercussions on the systemic clearance of drugs is still poorly defined, except for selected xenobiotics. In conclusion, reduced drug metabolism should be taken into account when evaluating the pharmacokinetics of drugs in patients with CRF.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">For a complete list, click on </span><span style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-color: #fafafa; color: windowtext; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.benthamscience.com/journal/journals-impacting-science.php" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; color: #009eb8; display: inline; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentham Science Publishers’ Journals Impacting Science</b></a></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650650110961560757noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2512048779066019209.post-3929300431341925692015-03-09T06:29:00.001-07:002015-03-09T06:30:22.532-07:00Application of Capillary Electrophoresis in Drug Metabolism Studies<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://protecsinc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/234214.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://protecsinc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/234214.jpg" height="228" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been increasingly employed for the separation of pharmaceutical agents and drugs. This has arisen from the complementary mode of separation afforded by CE when compared to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Qualities of CE such as high efficiency of separation, short analysis time, remarkably low injection volume and a variety of detection systems have facilitated acceptance of this technology.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"> Since different drug metabolite enantiomers are formed in many metabolic pathways, the other indispensable advantage of CE over HPLC is the possibility of chiral separation without the need of special expensive columns. Recent advances in automated systems have made CE even more popular. The focus of this paper is to review recent studies and advances (mainly from 2000) of <b><a href="http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=cdm">drug metabolism reviews</a></b> by using CE. The review is divided into two parts: (i) principles of CE separation of drugs and their metabolites and (ii) application of CE in drug metabolism studies. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">The first part introduces sample preparation, separation and detection modes involved in CE drug metabolism studies. To provide a deeper insight into the achievements, distinction between drug metabolism analysis in vivo and in vitro is made in the second part. Reported methods are discussed and summarized.</span><br />
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<a href="http://docsdrive.com/images/pharmacologia/2012/fig1-2k12-61-74.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://docsdrive.com/images/pharmacologia/2012/fig1-2k12-61-74.gif" height="260" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">Chemical insults, such as environmental or occupational carcinogenic agents, play a major role in the pathogenesis of many cancers. Many carcinogens exert genotoxic and cytotoxic effects via bioactivation into electrophilic species, a process catalyzed primarily by phase I drug metabolizing enzymes, typically cytochrome P450s. These reactive intermediates can induce DNA and RNA damage, and formation of protein adducts.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"> The reactive species are often detoxified by phase II <b><a href="http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=cdm">drug metabolism enzymes</a> </b>, such as glutathione Stransferases (GSTs), UDP-glucuronosyl transferases (UGTs), sulfotransferase (ST) and N-acetyltransferase (NAT). Phase II enzymes classically conjugate these hydrophobic intermediates to a water-soluble group, thus masking their reactive nature, and allowing subsequent excretion. Therefore, strategies that modulate the levels of phase II enzymes by either pharmacological or nutritional means can lead to enhanced elimination of reactive species.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"> Agents that preferentially activate phase II over phase I enzymes can be beneficial as chemopreventives. Compounds, such as isothiocyanates and dithiolthiones have been shown to act as transcriptional activators of phase II enzymes. A consensus enhancer element, known as antioxidant response element (ARE), in the regulatory domains of many phase II genes and an ARE-binding transcription factor nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) have been implicated in the action of many chemopreventive agents. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms of regulation of phase II enzymes, including the signal transduction events elicited by chemopreventive agents. We will also summarize the data available for these agents in preclinical models of tumorigenesis. Some chemopreventive agents have progressed to various stages of clinical trials, e.g. biomarker studies in healthy volunteers or in susceptible populations. These clinical data will be reviewed. Finally, we will provide a commentary on implementation of discovery and development programs for novel chemopreventive agents that are based on rational drug design, with lead optimization towards a safe and efficacious regimen in man.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">For a complete list, click on </span><span style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-color: #fafafa; color: windowtext; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.benthamscience.com/journal/journals-impacting-science.php" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; color: #009eb8; display: inline; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentham Science Publishers’ Journals Impacting Science</b></a></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650650110961560757noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2512048779066019209.post-13807176294063592872014-12-09T04:18:00.000-08:002014-12-09T04:18:00.012-08:00 Platonic Fullerene Chemistry, Nanotechnology, Liberty, Freedom, Science and the US Constitution<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.edx.org/sites/default/files/course/image/banner/med-hem_608x211_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="111" src="https://www.edx.org/sites/default/files/course/image/banner/med-hem_608x211_1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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A youthful Malaysian understudy nursing a broken jaw,
dispensed upon him amid the August 2011 mobs crosswise over Britain,
communicated distress for the individuals who loathed him amid their guise of
going to his help. His sympathy to their activities stood out as truly
newsworthy far and wide. The Prime Minister of Britain made it clear that he
had no such considerations of sympathy around the wrongdoings submitted by the
agitators. His furious political response likewise stood out as truly
newsworthy. The inquiry emerges in the matter of why this rough revolting with
its different degrees of sympathy had happened in any case? An exploratory
answer can be considered to exist identified with a recently developing
therapeutic science.</div>
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The numerical relationship between advancing human feeling
and an interminable reality must be experimentally explored through the
utilization of fractal geometrical rationale. Amid the First Kingdom of Egypt,
pictures were made portraying such geometrical rationale being utilized to connection,
empathy to a fanciful boundless in the future. Egyptian symbolic
representations record that in the Second Kingdom, taking after the breakdown
of the First Kingdom through a delayed dry season, the ideas of sympathy, kindness
and equity were melded into political law. Savants from antiquated Greece,
including Pythagoras, made a trip to Egypt to study this geometry of political
morals. That information, structured the premise of the<b><a href="http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=cmc"> Medical Chemistry</a></b>
created by the Platonic custom of Greek logic, which was known as the Science
for Ethical Ends. </div>
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At the point when a Roman Christian crowd blazed the Great
Library of Alexandria in the fifth Century and killed its overseer, the
mathematician Hypatia, St Augustine declared her utilization of Platonic
fractal rationale to be an agnostic blasphemy and the arithmetic was condemned
as the work of the Devil. Western science got to be so debased with this drivel
that twentieth Century science got to be based upon the Einsteinian world-view,
in which a mistaken understanding of the second law of thermodynamics turned
into the head law administering the greater part of the science. This implied
that it got to be difficult to partner human advancement to unbounded fractal
rationale, in spite of the fact that researchers concurred that such rationale
did for sure stretch out to boundlessness.</div>
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<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">For a complete list, click on </span><span style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-color: #fafafa; color: windowtext; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.benthamscience.com/journal/journals-impacting-science.php" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; color: #009eb8; display: inline; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentham Science Publishers’ Journals Impacting Science</b></a></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650650110961560757noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2512048779066019209.post-78984584464924115462014-12-09T04:12:00.000-08:002014-12-09T04:12:37.660-08:00The Two Important Aspects to New Drug Discoveries<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.silicycle.com/media/images/silicycle-drug-discovery.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.silicycle.com/media/images/silicycle-drug-discovery.jpg" height="122" width="320" /></a></div>
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Any new medication treating a specific sickness is not
discovered and delivered overnight, the normal aggregate time for drug
discovery and clinical improvement is around 14 years as when managing any new
medication or chemicals the methodology needs to be intensive and guaranteed
that two vital perspectives are watching: How protected the medication is and
how successful it is at battling an ailment.</div>
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Viability</div>
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Creating any new medication disclosures will require top to
bottom examination of the ailment and additionally the cosmetics of our bodies
to figure out which proteins are influenced by the disease or even cause the
sickness to happen. The way that these proteins connect with each other can
regularly help achieve an understanding of the ailment and how our bodies
manage them. </div>
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When a disclosure has been made that influences or battles
the ailment then refinements will be made to securely expand the <b><a href="http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=cmc">Drug Discovery </a></b>viability in treating the sick. This will mean a harmony between making the
medication sufficiently forceful to treat the ailment rapidly additionally
verify it stays alright for utilization and doesn't create any symptoms.</div>
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<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">For a complete list, click on </span><span style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-color: #fafafa; color: windowtext; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.benthamscience.com/journal/journals-impacting-science.php" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; color: #009eb8; display: inline; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentham Science Publishers’ Journals Impacting Science</b></a></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650650110961560757noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2512048779066019209.post-13652916839573592892014-12-02T04:09:00.002-08:002014-12-02T04:09:53.003-08:00Drug Discovery<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ2OjgOCqf1OrofhUKOki-0_lhvRrTJ3pQQhwkQUG2BnClM0ZQMhq4O4cm0SM5KJdB_elgZBo3ZzVQ9iUkAQzT7wdnUMzrEQ3W8iKi2UBGxkdl7JBXBqj2BIyCyJhyphenhyphenc7SUkWGWZuMEKxWN/s1600/96670049.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ2OjgOCqf1OrofhUKOki-0_lhvRrTJ3pQQhwkQUG2BnClM0ZQMhq4O4cm0SM5KJdB_elgZBo3ZzVQ9iUkAQzT7wdnUMzrEQ3W8iKi2UBGxkdl7JBXBqj2BIyCyJhyphenhyphenc7SUkWGWZuMEKxWN/s1600/96670049.jpg" height="212" width="320" /></a></div>
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The drug discovery is one of the major players involved in
the development of the field of Bioinformatics. Many pharmaceutical companies
have internal teams conducting Bioinformatics research. The pharmaceutical
industry plays a major role in the world economy. The main purpose is to
produce the next major drug. Most drugs are small molecules that are designed
to bind, interact, and modulate the activity of specific biological receptors.</div>
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Drug discovery - Historical perspective</div>
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<b><a href="http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=cmc">Drug Discovery</a></b> began as an extension of chemistry about a
century ago. In 1865, Kekule formulate the theory of aromatic organic
molecules. Paul Ehlrich applied the selective affinity of dyes for biological
tissues to postulate the existence of Chemoreceptors. This led to birth of
Chemotherapy - a kind of drug treatment. Pharmacology developed a s a separate
stream because of the efforts of Oswald Schmiedeberg at the university of
pharmacology between 1871 and 1918. Penicillin was discovered by Alexander
Fleming in 1929. The characterization of Carboanhydrase in 1933 was followed by
the discovery of Sulphanilamide.</div>
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Drug - Definition</div>
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A drug is a molecule that interacts with a target biological
molecule in the body and trough such interaction triggers a physiological
effect.</div>
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Chemical compound as Drug</div>
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A chemical compound to qualify as a drug should have the
following characteristics:</div>
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It should beSafeEffectiveStable (both chemically and
metabolically)Deliverable (should be absorbed and should reach the site of
action)Available (by isolation or by synthesis)Novel (patentable)Areas
influencing Drug DiscoveryThere are several approaches to discover new drugs.
They vary from Molecular biology to Combinatorial Chemistry.Some of the
approaches are as follows:-</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>Molecular biology has profound
influence in Drug Discovery. It applies the concept of genetic information to
biochemical and chemical pathways. The protein drugs such as Recombinant
proteins and Monoclonal antibodies are called as "Biotech Drugs."
Molecular biology can also help us to understand disease processes at molecular
or genetic level and to determine optimal molecular targets for drug
intervention.</div>
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High -Throughput Screening (HTS):</div>
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In this method of drug discovery, large numbers of
hypothetical targets are incorporated into in-vitro or cell based assays and
exposed to large number of compounds representing numerous variations on a few
chemical themes.</div>
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Pharmacogenetic Technology:</div>
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Pharmacogenetics is the study of hereditary basis for
differences in a population. Pharmacogenetics makes extensive use of automated
tools for protein and gene sequencing. The DNA sequences of human genome are
not identical and vary from individual to individual.Pharmacogenetics is hence
based on identification of genetic variations (polymorphisms) that alter drug
concentrations and responses.</div>
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Conclusion</div>
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The years of scientific study in the field of pharmacology,
molecular biology and biotechnology has led to the process of development of
new drugs.Suganya Raphael is an expertise in the field of life
science. she is also working in the area of Content development, Social media
marketing, blogging and article writing.She has completed her M.Phil in Biotechnology.She is also a wife and mother.</div>
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<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">For a complete list, click on </span><span style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-color: #fafafa; color: windowtext; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.benthamscience.com/journal/journals-impacting-science.php" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; color: #009eb8; display: inline; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentham Science Publishers’ Journals Impacting Science</b></a></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650650110961560757noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2512048779066019209.post-40245783689907233222014-12-02T03:58:00.002-08:002014-12-02T03:58:18.215-08:00Pubmed<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP9AVQ6Yqs39nKLBBmMMBoRY2rKOgAkgEDl5Ne61xK-K5G1oMMZLzg5HAjKsqapiKmvFsW3KD68b6ZNRF8TXAwhj1KqJHKOJGg2naWKeFsNkd3xWk3HEWfukkk0opFIALE-PH70QMzyWYj/s1600/PubGet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP9AVQ6Yqs39nKLBBmMMBoRY2rKOgAkgEDl5Ne61xK-K5G1oMMZLzg5HAjKsqapiKmvFsW3KD68b6ZNRF8TXAwhj1KqJHKOJGg2naWKeFsNkd3xWk3HEWfukkk0opFIALE-PH70QMzyWYj/s1600/PubGet.jpg" height="156" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">This is the thing that the pharmaceutical organizations make
some statin drugs from - specifically! So why not take it in its common state?
It lives well up to expectations. It lives up to expectations by restricting
the cholesterol response from going ahead. This implies that cholesterol's
generation is backed off accordingly bringing down cholesterol regularly. I
have discovered an incredible exploration article on </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Pubmed</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> for Red Yeast Rice. The exploration
was carried out by the Center for Human Nutrition and is not one-sided by a
common supplement organization. Here is an alternate study about the
cholesterol-bringing down impacts of an exclusive Chinese red-yeast-rice
dietary supplement.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p> </o:p>This is sugar wax. Sound safe? It is. It doesn't turn off
the cholesterol framing response as unequivocally as statin medications. Our
bodies require some cholesterol shaped. Without it, various hormones would not
be made and we would be dead. Along these lines, it is ideal as far as possible
generation as opposed as far as possible. Policosanol has likewise demonstrated
to expand the levels of HDL. Do statin medications do this? No. There is a
decent study on Policosanol that I found on <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><b><a href="http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=cmc">Pubmed</a></b>.</span> You'll recognize it is not a study made by
a regular supplement organization or with one-sided diversions. The title of
the study is: Comparison of the viability and mediocrity of policosanol with
atorvastatin in elderly patients with sort II hypercholesterolaemia.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Bio-Lipotrol has been indicated to
characteristically lower cholesterol <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>Bio Lipotrol has Red
Yeast Rice, Inositol, Policosanol and Guggal Gum extricate. I have chatted with
doctor after doctor that have utilized Bio Lipotrol and the results are seen
inside a couple of weeks. Presently this doesn't mean you can sit on your sofa
consuming burgers and pizza while popping Bio Lipotrol containers. I have
officially expressed that practice is the best solution - alongside the
confinement of creature fats and an increment in dissolvable fiber. I didn't
think about Bio Lipotrol until a colleague continued purchasing it. I
discovered her in the corridor one day and asked her what it is. She let me
know it is working extremely well on her grandma's elevated cholesterol levels.
At that point I got to be more intrigued. The profits of being in med school -
you discover what meets expectations and what doesn't.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">For a complete list, click on </span><span style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-color: #fafafa; color: windowtext; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.benthamscience.com/journal/journals-impacting-science.php" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; color: #009eb8; display: inline; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentham Science Publishers’ Journals Impacting Science</b></a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650650110961560757noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2512048779066019209.post-46166739652379714172014-09-23T05:14:00.003-07:002014-09-23T05:15:27.077-07:00Cancer Research: Crucial Component <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://retractionwatch.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/cancerresearch.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://retractionwatch.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/cancerresearch.gif" height="320" width="240" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">People
often think of the word cancer as describing a single disease with a single
cause, like 'flu or HIV. But this is deceptive. Cancer is the name given to a variability
of specific illnesses resulting from one of our body's own cells growing out of
control.There exist more than 200 different types of cancer, each with diverse
causes and symptoms requiring different treatments.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=ccdt">Cancer research journal</a> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">works on how cancer develops, how it is treated, and how it
is being tackled through ground-breaking research. It is only through research
that cancer is being understood and more effective ways are being discovered to
beat it. Moreover, there are various cancer research journals available which
provide extensive research content on Cancer and its treatment.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cancer research journal </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"><span style="background-color: white;">is basic
research into cancer in order to identify causes and develop strategies for deterrence,
analysis, actions and cure. Cancer research ranges from epidemiology, molecular
bioscience to the presentation of clinical trials to evaluate and compare
applications of the various cancer treatments. These applications include radioactivity
therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, surgery, Immunotherapy and treatment of
combined modalities such as chemo-radiotherapy. In mid-1990s, the emphasis in
clinical cancer research shifted towards therapies derived from biotechnology
research, including gene therapy and cancer immuno therapy.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">For a complete list, click on </span><span style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-color: #fafafa; color: windowtext; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.benthamscience.com/journal/journals-impacting-science.php" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; color: #009eb8; display: inline; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentham Science Publishers’ Journals Impacting Science</b></a></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650650110961560757noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2512048779066019209.post-61877697833601768152014-09-19T03:16:00.003-07:002014-09-19T03:26:50.960-07:00Drug Metabolism Reviews<div style="background: white;">
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<a href="http://www.nature.com/nrd/journal/v2/n3/images/nrd1032-i2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.nature.com/nrd/journal/v2/n3/images/nrd1032-i2.gif" height="227" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Drug metabolism</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">also noted as<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>xenobiotic metabolism<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is
the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical" title="Biochemical"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: windowtext; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">biochemical</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">alteration of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" title="Pharmaceutical drug"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: windowtext; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">pharmaceutical substances</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">or </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenobiotic" title="Xenobiotic"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: windowtext; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">xenobiotics</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">respectively by living<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism" title="Organism"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: windowtext; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">organisms</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">, usually through advanced </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: windowtext; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">enzymatic</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">systems. Drug metabolism
often converts</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipophilic" title="Lipophilic"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: windowtext; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">lipophilic</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: windowtext; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">chemical compounds</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">into more readily</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: windowtext; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">excreted</span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarity_(chemistry)" title="Polarity (chemistry)"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: windowtext; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">hydrophilic</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">items. The rate of metabolism
determines the duration and intensity of a drug's pharmacological action.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Established in 1972,<span class="apple-converted-space"><a href="http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=cdm"> <b>drug metabolism reviews</b></a></span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">is an<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: windowtext; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">academic journal</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">that publishes<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: windowtext; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">review articles</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">on all facets of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: windowtext; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">drug metabolism</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">investigation. It is the
official journal of the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>International Society for the Study of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: windowtext; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">Xenobiotics</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Current Drug Metabolism</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">works towards to cover all the fresh and outstanding evolutions in
drug metabolism and disposition. This journal provides as an international
forum for the publication of timely reviews and guest edited issues in drug
metabolism. Recent Drug Metabolism is a crucialjournal for academic, clinical, management
and medici<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>nal scientists who wish to be kept
knowledgeable andupdated with the new and most exclusivecreating. The periodical
envelops the following areas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In vitro</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">systems involving CYP-450; enzyme induction
and inhibition; drug-drug interactions and enzyme kinetics; pharmacokinetics,
toxicokinetics, species scaling and extrapolations; P-glycoprotein and
transport carriers; target organ toxicity and inter individual variability; drug
metabolism and disposition studies; extrahepatic metabolism; phase I and phase
II metabolism; bioactivation, recent developments for the identification of
drug metabolites, adducts and preclinical and clinical summaries of marketed
drugs</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">For a complete list, click on </span><span style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-color: #fafafa; color: windowtext; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.benthamscience.com/journal/journals-impacting-science.php" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; color: #009eb8; display: inline; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentham Science Publishers’ Journals Impacting Science</b></a></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650650110961560757noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2512048779066019209.post-216976038717968182014-09-15T02:58:00.000-07:002014-09-15T03:01:01.453-07:00Drug Metabolism Enzymes<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/16438/media/image26.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/16438/media/image26.png" height="162" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Drug-metabolizing
enzymes are also known as mixed-function oxidizeand containing many enzymes
involvingvarious types of cytochrome and alternative components. Another form
of cytochrome is a multi-gene family of enzymes that performs a critical part
in the metabolism of multiple drugs and xenobiotics with each cytochrome isozymes
responding differently to various chemicals in terms of its induction and
inhibition. A type of cytochrome activates a variety of bladder carcinogens,
for example aromatic amines and amides. Also, some forms of cytochrome activate
the naturally occurring carcinogens and N-nitrosamines respectively into highly
carcinogenic agents. </span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The carcinogenic potency, and other carcinogens and the
expanse of binding of their ultimate metabolites to DNA and proteins are
correlated with the induction of few cytochrome isozymes. Phase II
drug-metabolizing diverse enzymes inactivate chemical carcinogens into less toxic
or inactive metabolites. Several drugs change the rate of activation of
carcinogens by changing the activities of phases I and II drug-metabolizing
enzymes. </span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The balance of activation reactions relies on the chemical structure
of the agents, and is subjected to various variables that are a concern of this
body, or genetic background, sex, endocrine status, age, diet, and the
existence of various chemicals. It is significant to perceive that the enzymes
comprise in carcinogen metabolism are also involved in the <b><a href="http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=cdm">drug metabolism enzymes</a></b> </span><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">of a variety of substrates,
and thus the foreword of specific xenobiotics may change the operating level
and the existence of other chemicals. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">For a complete list, click on </span><span style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-color: #fafafa; color: windowtext; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.benthamscience.com/journal/journals-impacting-science.php" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; color: #009eb8; display: inline; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentham Science Publishers’ Journals Impacting Science</b></a></span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650650110961560757noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2512048779066019209.post-23901070873228985172014-09-12T06:15:00.001-07:002014-09-12T06:16:23.476-07:00DMPK (Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetic):<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.radboudumc.nl/Research/Organisationofresearch/Departments/cellbiology/PublishingImages/DM%20Rick%20400%20pxs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://www.radboudumc.nl/Research/Organisationofresearch/Departments/cellbiology/PublishingImages/DM%20Rick%20400%20pxs.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Drug metabolism</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> is
also noted as xenobiotic metabolism is
the biochemical modification of pharmaceutical substances or xenobiotics
respectively by living organisms, usually through unique enzymatic
systems. </span><span style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The increasing
costs and time associated with bringing latest medicines to the market have
developed a need for a fresh paradigm for decreasing the attrition rates of
drug candidates in both preclinical and clinical upbringing stages. </span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Early
appraisal of </span><a href="http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=cdm"><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic</b></span></a><span style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> (DMPK)
parameters is lately possible due to several higher throughput in vitro and in
vivo screens. This information of DMPK properties should not only lessen the
timelines for the selection of drug candidates but also increase the
probability of their success for development. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The role
of DMPK researchers in the drug research paradigm should not be limited to
screening a great array of compounds during the lead optimization process but
should involve a strive for an understanding of the engage<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>ment,
circulation, metabolism, excretion, and possible drug-related toxicities of a
chemical series. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A
specific DMPK research screening paradigm narrates a case study using the
Thrombin Receptor Adversary program. This screening paradigm followed by the
extensive lead optimization process culminated in the selection of SCH 530348,
a potent, careful and orally active thrombin receptor antagonist for the
treatment of thrombosis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">For a complete list, click on </span><span style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-color: #fafafa; color: windowtext; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.benthamscience.com/journal/journals-impacting-science.php" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; color: #009eb8; display: inline; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentham Science Publishers’ Journals Impacting Science</b></a></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650650110961560757noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2512048779066019209.post-4546784558298364152014-09-04T05:15:00.000-07:002014-09-04T05:24:15.438-07:00Chemo drugs: Curing Cancer <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://vipmedia.globalnews.ca/2013/04/154924174.jpg?w=1024" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://vipmedia.globalnews.ca/2013/04/154924174.jpg?w=1024" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Cancer treatments are possible by <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">chemo drugs,</span>their role is to slow and hopefully
decrease the growth and expansion of a cancer. There are three goals associated
with the use of the mostly used anticancer agents for example,destroy the DNA
of the affected cancer cells,Inhibit the synthesis of fresh DNA strands to
cease the cell from replicating, because this is what allows the tumor to
expand and the actual breaking apart of the original cell into further fresh
cells.</span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><br /></span></a></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Stopping mitosis ceases cell splitting of the cancer and may
ultimately slow down the procedure of the cancer. Unfortunately, most of the </span><a href="http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=ccdt"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><b>chemo
drugs</b></span></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> currently available are not specific,
which leads to common side effects associated with chemotherapy. Because the
common approach of chemotherapy is to lessen the growth rate of the cells, the
side effects are seen in bodily systems that naturally have a quick turnover of
cells including skin, hair etc. Thesecells also get damaged by the chemotherapy
program.<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Chemotherapy agents can be grouped into three
categories based on their function for example, Stop the synthesis of pre DNA molecule building blocks;these
agents toil in many different ways,directly
harm the DNA in the nucleus of the cell; these agents chemically ruin
DNA and RNA and they disrupt replication of the DNA and either totally terminate
replication, breakdown of the mitotic
spindles;these drugs disrupt the production of these spindles and
therefore interrupt cell division.</span><span style="background-color: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.799999237060547px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">For a complete list, click on </span><span style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-color: #fafafa; color: windowtext; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.799999237060547px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.benthamscience.com/journal/journals-impacting-science.php" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; color: #009eb8; display: inline; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentham Science Publishers’ Journals Impacting Science</b></a></span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650650110961560757noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2512048779066019209.post-72703547879797825722014-08-28T05:29:00.001-07:002014-09-03T23:07:13.666-07:00Anti-cancer drugs<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://doctorsknowbest.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/anti-cancer-drugs-250x250.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://doctorsknowbest.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/anti-cancer-drugs-250x250.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white;">The accessible anticancer drugs have discrete mechanisms of
action which may vary in their effects on various types of normal and cancer
cells. A single "cure" for cancer has proved elusive since there is
not a single type of cancer but as many as different types of cancer. In
addition, there are some demonstrable biochemical differences between cancerous
cells and </span>Normal cells. The reason being the effectiveness of several anticancer<span style="background: white;"> drugs is limited by their toxicity to normal rapidly growing
cells in the intestinal and bone marrow areas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white;"> A last problem is that
cancerous cells which are initially suppressed by a specific drug may build up
a resistance to that medication. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This
is the reason why cancer chemotherapy may </span><span style="background: white;">consist
of using various types of drugs in combination for varying lengths of time. </span><span style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Chemotherapy is among the </span><a href="http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=ccdt"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><b>anticancer drugs</b></span></a><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">These drugs are sometimes feared because of a patient's
issue about toxic effects. Their role is to sedate and hopefully cease the
growth and lay out of a cancer. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
Regrettably,
bulks of drugs currently on the market are not specific, which leads to the
diverse ordinary side effects associated with cancer chemotherapy. Because the
typical approach of all chemotherapy is to lessen the growth rate of the <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cancer cells, the side effects are seen in physical
structures </span>that naturally have a rapid turnover of cells <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">including skin, digestive, hair and bone marrow. These
strong, healthy and normal cells also end up </span>damaged by the
chemotherapy program.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.799999237060547px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">For a complete list, click on </span><span style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; color: windowtext; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.799999237060547px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.benthamscience.com/journal/journals-impacting-science.php" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; color: #009eb8; display: inline; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentham Science Publishers’ Journals Impacting Science</b></a></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650650110961560757noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2512048779066019209.post-12285065172157598362014-08-27T09:59:00.001-07:002014-08-27T10:07:45.103-07:00Carcinoma Cancer: tobacco proved to be a reason.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.microscopyu.com/galleries/pathology/images/alveolarcellcarcinoma20x02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.microscopyu.com/galleries/pathology/images/alveolarcellcarcinoma20x02.jpg" height="143" width="200" /></a></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 16.8pt;">Carcinoma is a cancer that originates
in a tissue that covers the inner or outer bases of a body, and that basically
arises from cells originating in the</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 16.8pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 16.8pt;">endothermic</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 16.8pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 16.8pt;">or</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 16.8pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 16.8pt;">ectodermic</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 16.8pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 16.8pt;">germ layer.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It is caused when harmed DNA occurs to
such a level that the cells become transformed, and start to exhibit irregular<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant" title="Malignant"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">malignant</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">features. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Tiny<b> </b></span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">carcinoma<b> </b></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">cell of the prostate is an often rare type of prostatic
cancer. Many cases are examined at advanced stage due to prior metastasis. The
bones, liver, and etc are the most ordinary sites of metastasis of small cell
carcinoma of the prostate. Skin metastasis of minute carcinoma cell of the
prostate is a very rare entity due to the uncommon metastatic site. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.richmondinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Figure-21.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.richmondinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Figure-21.jpg" height="128" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 16.8pt;">Reports blames years of chewing
tobacco as a result to oral cancer, an announcement that health advocates hope
will call attention to the dangers of a habit common in many ballplayers.A
baseball player suffering through the same condition quotes that he has been
treated for squamous <u><b><a href="http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=ccdt">Carcinoma</a></b></u></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 16.8pt;"> cell and that he believes the cancer
is undoubtedly the result of 30 years of chewing tobacco. He further says the
habit caused a numerous of health issues — from gum damage to mislaying sense
of smell and taste.The pain of cancer therapy at last made him hopelessand he
says "wish I could go back and never have plunged. Not once. It was so
painful."</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.799999237060547px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">For a complete list, click on </span><span style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; color: windowtext; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.799999237060547px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.benthamscience.com/journal/journals-impacting-science.php" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; color: #009eb8; display: inline; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: transparent; border: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentham Science Publishers’ Journals Impacting Science</b></a></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650650110961560757noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2512048779066019209.post-845395536126547882014-08-25T07:10:00.002-07:002014-08-25T07:12:12.174-07:00Human gene therapy:Removing HIV directly out.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://autocww.colorado.edu/~toldy3/E64ContentFiles/VirusesMoneransAndProtists/RetrovirusGeneTherapy.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://autocww.colorado.edu/~toldy3/E64ContentFiles/VirusesMoneransAndProtists/RetrovirusGeneTherapy.gif" height="182" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Moving towards an advanced and robust future, Scientists have
taken a significant step towards an enduring remedy for AIDS by using notably
designed enzymes to physically cut the HIV virus out of an infected </span><b style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><a href="http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=cgt">Human gene therapy</a></b><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">.</span></div>
<div style="tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“Current therapies have altered Aids into a chronic illness, but
the root of the problem – the virus – hasn’t been eliminated; only
suppressed.”Scientist has providentially enlarged the HIV virus from various
human cell cultures, but warn that they are “still years removed from the
clinical setting” and that the research is simply “a proof of concept that
we're moving in the correct direction.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Over 35 million people all over the world are contemporarily
infected by HIV, with highly operative antiretroviral therapy used to
control the disease in the developed world. However, this treatment does not
totally eradicate HIV from the body and the virus is likely to become active
again if treatment is ever stopped. Although the gene-editing approach could
provide a permanent remedy for AIDS, the research is still in its infancy. <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The scientists have yet to find a method to deliver the ‘snipping’
enzymes to every infected cell and there are also worries that treatment of
this kind could have unexpected side-effects such as cell mutations Similarly,
the genetic diversity of the virus may mean that each treatment has to be
tailored to the specific virus - a costly barrier to a 'universal' cure. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650650110961560757noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2512048779066019209.post-39205550592295392932014-08-22T06:08:00.001-07:002014-08-22T06:11:06.089-07:00Vibrationsboosteffectiveness of photosynthesis in spinach leaves<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.wileyasiablog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/hottest-chemistry-articles-wiley-journals.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.wileyasiablog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/hottest-chemistry-articles-wiley-journals.png" height="220" width="320" /></a></div>
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Biophysics analysts have utilized short beats of light to
look into the mechanics of photosynthesis and enlighten the part that molecule
vibrations play in the energy conversion process that influences life on earth.</div>
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</span>The discoveries could conceivably help engineers make more proficient
solar cells and energy storage frameworks. They additionally infuse new proof
into a continuous "quantum science" argument over precisely how
photosynthesis figures out how to be so productive. </div>
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Through photosynthesis, plants and some microorganisms
transform daylight, water and carbon dioxide into sustenance for themselves and
oxygen for animals and creatures to breathe. It's maybe the most imperative
biochemical process on Earth and researchers don't yet completely see how it
functions. </div>
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The U-M discoveries recognize particular atomic vibrations
that help empower charge partition - the procedure of kicking electrons free
from molecules in the introductory steps of photosynthesis that at last transforms
sunlight energy into<b> <a href="http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=cmc">chemistry articles</a></b> vitality
for plants to develop and flourish.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650650110961560757noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2512048779066019209.post-26169874599120156202014-08-21T06:08:00.001-07:002014-08-21T06:08:20.846-07:00Natural products: Produced naturally and used widely <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://stemcellbaldnesscures.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/natural-hair-loss-products.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://stemcellbaldnesscures.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/natural-hair-loss-products.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
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The compound<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">or
substance produced by a living organism – found in nature is known as the
natural products.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>In the broadest
sense, natural products include any medium manufactured by life.The term natural
product has also been prolonged for commercial motives to deal with cosmetics,
dietary supplements, and food produced from natural sources without any type of
artificial ingredients present.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Within the field of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">organic chemistry</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,
usually it is defined, restricted to the meaning, purified<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">organic compounds</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">isolated and produced from natural sources.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Within </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry" title="Medicinal chemistry"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">medicinal chemistry</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, the denotation is often more over restricted
to secondary metabolites.<span class="apple-converted-space">These </span>are not
essential for survival, but nevertheless bestow organisms that produce them an
evolutionary privilege.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Many
secondary metabolites are<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxic" title="Cytotoxic"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cytotoxic</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">and
have been designed and optimized through evolution for use as chemical warfare
agents against predators, prey and conflicting organisms.</span><sup><o:p></o:p></sup></div>
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<a href="http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=cmc"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>Natural Products</b></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> also have pharmacological or biological
activity that can be of therapeutic perks in the remedies of various diseases
or infections. In addition, synthetic analogs of natural products with improved
potency and well-being can be prepared and; therefore, natural products are usually
used as a preparatory point for<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_discovery" title="Drug discovery"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">drug discovery</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.
In fact, natural products are the source of inspiration for approximately one
half of U.S.<span class="apple-converted-space"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Natural products</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> can also be organized by<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>whole syn<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>thesis<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and have played a central role in the
producing of the field of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">organic chemistry</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">by providing challenging synthetic targets.</span></div>
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